Kamis, 09 April 2015

Management Information System









Information is the lifeblood of all organizations, now more than ever and they need someone who understands both business (programmers/computer scientists don't) and technology (other kinds of managers don't). As the managers of information and technology within the organization, MIS professionals bring technology and business together to deliver information solutions that help organizations meet their goals.
Information System is a combination of information technology and people's activities using that technology to support operations, management. In a very broad sense, the term information system is frequently used to refer to the interaction between people, data and technology.


Management Information System

This is a system that provides information needed to manage organizations effectively. Management information systems involve three primary resources: Technology, Information, and People. It's important to recognize that while all three resources are key components when studying management information systems, the most important resource is people. 
It is an organized approach to the study of the information needs of an organization's management at every level in making operational, tactical, and strategic decisions. Its objective is to design and implement procedures, processes, and routines that provide suitably detailed reports in an accurate, consistent, and timely manner.





1.      Hypertext

Hypertext is the presentation of information as a linked network of nodes which readers are free to navigate in a non-linear fashion. It allows for multiple authors, a blurring of the author and reader functions, extended works with diffuse boundaries, and multiple reading paths.

Hypertext is basically the same as regular text - it can be stored, read, searched, or edited - with an important exception: hypertext is text with pointers to other text.The browsers let you deal with the pointers in a transparent way -- select the pointer, and you are presented with the text that is pointed to.

Unlike the typical printed book, which is read sequentially from beginning to end, hypertext is inherently nonlinear: it is comprised of many interlinked chunks of self-contained text. Readers are not bound to a particular sequence, but can browse through information intuitively by association, following their interests by following a highlighted keyword or phrase in one piece of text to bring up another, associated piece of text.

The word self-contained is important. Whereas in traditional, linear writing, a piece of text has a well-defined context and is embedded within the linear structure of the work, in a hypertext environment a particular piece of text may be reached from any number of contexts, that is, other chunks of text. Hence it becomes important to avoid assumptions of prior knowledge and keep individual pieces of text as self-contained as possible.






 2.      Hypermedia

Hypermedia is the generalization of hypertext to include other kinds of media: images, audio clips and video clips are typically supported in addition to text. Individual chunks of information are usually referred to as documents or nodes, and the connections between them as links or hyperlinks the so-called node-link hypermedia model. The entire set of nodes and links forms a graph network. A distinct set of nodes and links which constitutes a logical entity or work is called a hyper document; a distinct subset of hyperlinks is often called a hyper web.

A source anchor is the starting point of a hyperlink and specifies the part of a document from which an outgoing link can be activated. Typically, the user is given visual cues as to where source anchors are located in a document (for example, a highlighted phrase in a text document). A destination anchor is the endpoint of a hyperlink and determines what part of a document should be on view upon arrival at that node (for example, a text might be scrolled to a specific paragraph). Often, an entire document is specified as the destination and viewing commences at some default location within the document (for example, the start of a text).

Some authors distinguish between referential and organizational hyperlinks. Referential links are the cross-references distinctive of hypermedia. Organizational links are special links which establish explicit structure by connecting a parent node with its children, forming a tree within the overall node-link graph.

The traditional definition of hypermedia as being `multimedia with links' belies many of the possibilities modern technology now offers. We like to define `real hypermedia' in a broader sense, with two additional components. Firstly, real hypermedia incorporates new technologies like interactive movies, panoramic images, navigable three-dimensional models, and virtual reality. Secondly, real hypermedia involves more than read-only browsing: it possesses integral facilities for communication and collaboration such as annotations, structured discussion, user feedback, message passing, and collaborative authoring.








Multimedia can have a many definitions these include:
Multimedia means that computer information can be represented through audio, video, and animation in addition to traditional media (i.e., text, graphics drawings, and images).

A good general definition is:
Multimedia is the field concerned with the computer-controlled integration of text, graphics, drawings, still and moving images (Video), animation, audio, and any other media where every type of information can be represented, stored, transmitted and processed digitally.

A Multimedia Application is an Application which uses a collection of multiple media sources e.g. text, graphics, images, sound/audio, animation and/or video. Hypermedia can be considered as one of the multimedia applications.

Multimedia uses computers to present text, audio, video, animation, interactive features, and still images in various ways and combinations made possible through the advancement of technology. By combining media and content, those interested in multimedia can take on and work with a variety of media forms to get their content across. This is an exciting new field for those interested in computers, technology, and creative career options. Multimedia can be accessed through computers or electronic devices and integrates the various forms together. One example of multimedia would be combining a website with video, audio, or text images. 

At the last point, the conclusion, internet and web provide new forms of communication and thus bring many possibilities, but also make their demands for permanent education, usage in classroom, cultural spreading, scientific education and economic development. The new technology has to be seen as a possibility of a new kind of communication and as a help to a teacher whose role stays irreplaceable.

Teacher should be placed in the role of facilitator whose task is to develop and maintain supportive class atmosphere. They will always be the ones who decide, direct, explain, connect old with the new, recognize nonverbal communication, and give moral support. Communication between a teacher and a student, and among students themselves, must not be lost. That is why it is important to adequately use technology and internet in the classroom and make sure that alienation does not take place at any cost. Directed and wisely managed teaching should only profit by the use of computer technology.
The ability of multimedia packages to motivate students should be used to do exactly that. They can only be seen as the helping tool for the classical teaching process, and the variety and flexibility that they offer should be used to bring out the best that students can give.


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Regards, Tungga Pramudya Utama

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