Information is the lifeblood of
all organizations, now more than ever and they need someone who understands
both business (programmers/computer scientists don't) and technology (other
kinds of managers don't). As the managers of information and technology within
the organization, MIS professionals bring technology and business together to
deliver information solutions that help organizations meet their goals.
Information System is a
combination of information technology and people's activities using that
technology to support operations, management. In a very broad sense, the term
information system is frequently used to refer to the interaction between
people, data and technology.
Management Information System
This is a system that
provides information needed to manage organizations effectively. Management
information systems involve three primary resources: Technology, Information,
and People. It's important to recognize that while all three resources are key
components when studying management information systems, the most important
resource is people.
It is an organized approach
to the study of the information needs of an organization's management at
every level in making operational, tactical, and strategic decisions. Its objective
is to design and implement procedures, processes, and routines that provide
suitably detailed reports in an accurate, consistent, and
timely manner.
1. Hypertext
Hypertext is the presentation
of information as
a linked network of nodes which readers are
free to navigate in a non-linear fashion. It allows for multiple
authors, a blurring of the author and reader functions, extended works with
diffuse boundaries, and multiple reading paths.
Hypertext is basically the same
as regular text - it can be stored, read, searched, or edited - with an
important exception: hypertext is text with pointers to other text.The browsers let you deal
with the pointers in a transparent way -- select the pointer, and you are
presented with the text that is pointed to.
Unlike the typical printed book,
which is read sequentially from beginning to end, hypertext is
inherently nonlinear: it is comprised of many interlinked chunks of self-contained
text. Readers are not bound to a particular sequence, but can browse through
information intuitively by association, following their interests by following
a highlighted keyword or phrase in one piece of text to bring up another,
associated piece of text.
The word self-contained is
important. Whereas in traditional, linear writing, a piece of text has a
well-defined context and is embedded within the linear structure of the work,
in a hypertext environment a particular piece of text may be reached from any
number of contexts, that is, other chunks of text. Hence it becomes important
to avoid assumptions of prior knowledge and keep individual pieces of text as
self-contained as possible.
2. Hypermedia
Hypermedia is the
generalization of hypertext to include other kinds of media: images, audio
clips and video clips are typically supported in addition to text. Individual
chunks of information are usually referred to as documents or nodes,
and the connections between them as links or hyperlinks the
so-called node-link hypermedia model. The entire set of nodes and links
forms a graph network. A distinct set of nodes and links which constitutes a
logical entity or work is called a hyper document; a distinct subset of
hyperlinks is often called a hyper web.
A source anchor is the
starting point of a hyperlink and specifies the part of a document from which
an outgoing link can be activated. Typically, the user is given visual cues as
to where source anchors are located in a document (for example, a highlighted
phrase in a text document). A destination anchor is the endpoint of a
hyperlink and determines what part of a document should be on view upon arrival
at that node (for example, a text might be scrolled to a specific paragraph).
Often, an entire document is specified as the destination and viewing commences
at some default location within the document (for example, the start of a
text).
Some authors distinguish
between referential and organizational hyperlinks. Referential
links are the cross-references distinctive of hypermedia. Organizational links
are special links which establish explicit structure by connecting a parent
node with its children, forming a tree within the overall node-link graph.
The traditional definition of
hypermedia as being `multimedia with links' belies many of the possibilities
modern technology now offers. We like to define `real hypermedia' in a broader
sense, with two additional components. Firstly, real hypermedia incorporates
new technologies like interactive movies, panoramic images, navigable
three-dimensional models, and virtual reality. Secondly, real hypermedia
involves more than read-only browsing: it possesses integral facilities for
communication and collaboration such as annotations, structured discussion,
user feedback, message passing, and collaborative authoring.
3. Multimedia
Multimedia can have a many
definitions these include:
Multimedia means that
computer information can be represented through audio, video, and animation in
addition to traditional media (i.e., text, graphics drawings, and images).
A good general definition is:
Multimedia is the field
concerned with the computer-controlled integration of text, graphics, drawings,
still and moving images (Video), animation, audio, and any other media where
every type of information can be represented, stored, transmitted and processed
digitally.
A Multimedia Application is
an Application which uses a collection of multiple media sources e.g. text,
graphics, images, sound/audio, animation and/or video. Hypermedia can be considered
as one of the multimedia applications.
Multimedia uses computers to
present text, audio, video, animation, interactive features, and still images
in various ways and combinations made possible through the advancement of
technology. By combining media and content, those interested in multimedia can
take on and work with a variety of media forms to get their content across.
This is an exciting new field for those interested in computers, technology,
and creative career options. Multimedia can be accessed through computers or
electronic devices and integrates the various forms together. One example of
multimedia would be combining a website with video, audio, or text images.
At the last point, the
conclusion, internet and web provide new forms of communication and thus bring
many possibilities, but also make their demands for permanent education, usage
in classroom, cultural spreading, scientific education and economic
development. The new technology has to be seen as a possibility of a new kind of
communication and as a help to a teacher whose role stays irreplaceable.
Teacher should be placed in the
role of facilitator whose task is to develop and maintain supportive class
atmosphere. They will always be the ones who decide, direct, explain, connect
old with the new, recognize nonverbal communication, and give moral support.
Communication between a teacher and a student, and among students themselves,
must not be lost. That is why it is important to adequately use technology and
internet in the classroom and make sure that alienation does not take place at
any cost. Directed and wisely managed teaching should only profit by the use of
computer technology.
The ability of multimedia
packages to motivate students should be used to do exactly that. They can only
be seen as the helping tool for the classical teaching process, and the variety
and flexibility that they offer should be used to bring out the best that
students can give.
The information related to the
context in the following sites:
Regards, Tungga Pramudya Utama
